Spraying exogenous synthetic cytokinin 6‐benzyladenine following the waterlogging improves grain growth of waterlogged maize in the field

6‐Benzyladenine (6‐BA, a synthetic cytokinin) could improve the ability to resist adversity. However, very little attention has been given to its role in alleviating waterlogging damages on grain growth. A field experiment was performed to investigate effects of exogenous 6‐BA after waterlogging for 6 days at the third leaf stage (V3‐WL + 6‐BA) or the sixth leaf stage (V6‐WL + 6‐BA) on grain filling, and endogenous hormone of summer maize hybrids DengHai605 (DH605) and ZhengDan958 (ZD958), which were planted popularly in China. Exogenous 6‐BA alleviated waterlogging damages on grain filling by improving grain weight and volume, which was beneficial to yield increase. Grain yield of DH605 under V3‐WL + 6‐BA and V6‐WL + 6‐BA increased by 16% and 12%, respectively, compared with that of V3‐WL (waterlogging at the third leaf stage) and V6‐WL (waterlogging at the sixth leaf stage), while the corresponding values for ZD958 increased by 20% and 15%, respectively. Moreover, exogenous 6‐BA alleviated waterlogging damages on grain endogenous hormone content by increasing levels of endogenous indole‐3‐acetic acid, zeatin riboside, and gibberellic acid, and decreasing level of abscisic acid in grain of waterlogged summer maize during grain‐filling periods. Clearly, exogenous 6‐BA improved grain‐filling characteristics, and endogenous hormone, resulting in a significant yield increase of waterlogged summer maize.     

9种杀虫剂对番茄潜叶蛾的防治效果评价

【目的】 筛选应急防控番茄潜叶蛾的绿色、高效农药,为防止进一步扩散为害提供指导。【方法】 选择9种内吸性杀虫剂,分2个浓度梯度,总计在田间设置18个药剂处理和1个清水对照,在药后1、3、7和14 d调查虫口,计算虫口减退率及防效,筛选绿色高效的农药及最佳药剂浓度。【结果】 60 mL /667m²的6%阿维·氯苯酰SC、42 mL /667m²24%甲氧虫酰肼SC、7.5 mL/667m²的20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC 3种药剂对番茄潜叶蛾的防治效果和虫口减退率均在90%以上,后两者在后期效果最为明显,具有持效性。3种药剂在药后14 d防效分别为93.6%、93.16%和93.72%,虫口减退率分别为91.20%,90.59%和91.36%。37.5 mL /667m²的0.3%印楝素EW在整个过程防效最低,药后14 d防效为38.04%,其减退率仅为14.79%。【结论】 轮换使用60 mL/667m²的阿维·氯苯酰SC、42 mL /667m² 24%甲氧虫酰肼SC、7.5 mL /667m²的20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC在生产上。     

海南省益智产业发展优势、存在问题与对策

为促进海南省益智(Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.)产业的可持续发展,更好地发挥其对地区经济的推动作用,对海南益智产业发展现状开展了调查。分析发现海南益智产业具有资源比较优势明显、市场潜力巨大、产业基础良好等发展潜力和优势,是海南经济结构调整和精准扶贫的首选。指出了海南益智产业发展中存在种苗、种植、品质、市场风险等问题,提出了加强育种、规范化栽培、功能成分提取和产品开发研究,制定相关标准,健全组织保障和资金保障体系,加强市场营销,打响品牌知名度等建议。此研究可为海南益智产业发展提供参考。     

2种多胺对铁皮石斛瓶内开花的影响

以铁皮石斛无根组培苗为试验材料,研究不同浓度的外源腐胺（Put）和精胺（Spm）对铁皮石斛瓶内开花的影响。结果表明：培养基中添加适量的Put和Spm可提高开花率。当Put浓度为0.4 mg/L时,铁皮石斛瓶内开花率最高,为30.47%;Spm浓度为0.2 mg/L时,铁皮石斛瓶内开花率最高,为22.26%;Put浓度为0.2 mg/L时,铁皮石斛始花期最短,为83.33 d,观赏期最长,为43.33 d。Put浓度为0.4 mg/L时,植株可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量最高;对照处理下植株全N含量达最高;Spm浓度为0.6 mg/L时,植株C/N比达最大。Put浓度为0.4 mg/L时,有利于铁皮石斛组培苗碳氮化合物的积累,可提高铁皮石斛的开花率;Put浓度为0.2 mg/L时,能使花期提前,延长观赏期。Spm浓度为0.4 mg/L时,有利于铁皮石斛组培苗株高增长和生根,促进铁皮石斛组培苗的营养生长。     

晋北干旱区盐碱地柽柳形态特征及其与土壤养分的关系

【目的】研究困难立地植被地上和地下部分对环境胁迫的响应,探讨植物叶、根形态对不良环境的适应策略,是逆境生理生态学研究的有效途径,可为困难立地造林及管理提供科学依据。【方法】以30年生柽柳Tamarix chinensis人工纯林为研究对象,分析其比叶面积(SLA)、细根比根面积(SRA)和比根长(SRL),并对0~60 cm不同土壤层次的全N、全P、速效K、Na、Mg、Ca、Zn、Fe、Cu等营养元素进行含量测定,研究盐碱地植物柽柳地上及地下部分形态特征及其与盐碱地土壤养分垂直分布格局的相关性。【结果】1)在晋北干旱区重度盐碱胁迫下的柽柳SLA显著高于轻度和中度胁迫(F=3.301,P=0.041);SRA在重度盐碱胁迫下高于轻度和中度胁迫,与轻度胁迫差异显著(F=0.154,P=0.015);SRL在不同盐碱胁迫等级下无显著差异(F=0.808,P=0.632),但在重度盐碱胁迫下其值明显高于轻度和中度胁迫。2)土壤全N含量表现为浅层高于深层,且重度胁迫盐碱含量明显低于轻度胁迫,全P、Cu含量在不同盐碱胁迫及不同土壤深度差异均不显著,速效K、Fe含量在不同盐碱胁迫下表现出完全不同的分布格局,Na含量在不同盐碱胁迫下差异显著,Mg、Ca、Fe含量在15~60 cm土壤表现出重度盐碱胁迫高于轻度和中度盐碱胁迫土壤,Zn含量在不同盐碱胁迫间差异不显著。3)不同的土壤营养元素对柽柳叶、根形态特征的作用机制不同,土壤速效K与柽柳SLA、SRA和SRL均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),Zn与柽柳SRA、SRL呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),土壤全P和Fe含量与SRL呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),其中以30~45 cm土壤养分含量与柽柳形态特征的关系最为密切,此土壤深度全N含量与SLA、SRA和SRL均呈显著负相关关系(P=0.038,0.019,0.006)。【结论】研究结果可为树种立地适应性评价、该区域植被恢复以及生态环境改善提供理论参考。     

娄底市休闲农业产业升级的途径与建议

指出了当今社会发展迅速,生活节奏加快,给都市人群带来了身体和精神上的双重压力,对于田园生活的渴求日益迫切。在这种情况下,休闲农业这个巨大的商机涌现了,这个新型产业不但有广大的市场支撑,而且也不缺相关的政策支持。但只有不断进行产业升级,完善产业升级的动力机制,制定合理完整的政策保障,才能取得长足发展。为此,提出了娄底市休闲农业产业升级的途径与建议,以供参考。     

Asterosaponins: Structures,Taxonomic Distribution,Biogenesis and Biological Activities

Asterosaponins are a class of steroid oligoglycosides isolated from starfish with characteristic structures and diverse biological activities. In this review, we have attempted to combine the most important data concerning asterosaponins and give a list of these secondary metabolites with their structural peculiarities. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief but as complete as possible principal information about their chemical structures, taxonomic distribution in the marine environment, distribution in different geographical areas and depths, some properties, biological activities, and functions. Some other rare steroid metabolites from starfish, closely related in structures and probably biogenesis to asterosaponins, are also discussed.     

北方草地及农牧交错区草地植被碳储量及其影响因素

【目的】 草地生态系统在全球碳平衡中有重要的意义,草地植被碳库及其变化机制研究是植被生态学的重要命题。本文研究北方草地和农牧交错区草地植被碳密度及其空间格局,解析不同区域草地植被碳密度的关键影响因素,分析了气候、土壤、放牧等因素对地上地下植被碳库的相对贡献。【方法】 基于2002—2009年北方草地及农牧交错带草地植被调查数据,结合同期MODIS/NDVI遥感影像和1﹕100万草地类型图,建立了我国主要草地类型的生物量估算模型;整合野外考察数据和前人研究结果,探讨了研究区地上地下生物碳库及其空间格局;基于研究区255个县级行政单元,分析了不同类型草地植被碳库与气候要素、土壤要素及家畜承载量的关系,应用一般线性模型（GLM）解析了不同影响因素对草地碳密度的相对贡献。【结果】 （1）北方草地与农牧交错区草地地上平均生物碳密度为36.9 g C·m^-2,地下生物碳密度为362.9 g C·m^-2,地下生物碳密度高于地上10倍,均呈从东到西递减的趋势,频率分布图基本服从对数正态分布,不同草地类型的生物碳密度存在明显差异;（2）整个研究区及草原亚区、荒漠亚区、农牧交错亚区内,地上生物量与年降水量（MAP）呈极显著正相关、与年均气温（MAT）均呈极显著负相关,与土壤黏粒含量（Clay%）呈显著正相关、与土壤砂粒含量（Sand%）呈显著负相关,整个研究区家畜承载量与草地地上生物量之间呈极显著正相关;（3）一般线性模型（GLM）分析结果表明,年平均降水量（MAP）、年均气温（MAT）、土壤黏粒含量（Clay%）、放牧强度对地上生物量空间变异的解释率分别达到29.6%（P<0.001）、5.8%（P<0.001）、0.8%（P<0.05）、1.3%（P<0.001）;地下生物量的空间变异主要来自于年降水量（MAP）、年均气温（MAT）、土壤砂粒含量（Sand%）,对方差的解释率分别达到12.1%（P<0.001）、6.8%（P<0.001）、1.9%（P<0.005）,放牧强度没有明显贡献。【结论】 气候条件尤其是年降水量是草地生物量碳库的主要影响因素,但对地上生物量影响更为明显;土壤质地对植被生物碳库也有显著贡献,尤其对地下生物量的影响更加显著;放牧强度只能解释地上生物量变化的1.3%、对地下生物量没有显著贡献,这一发现意味着气候对生物量碳库的贡献远大于放牧影响。     

Changes in the relationship between species richness and belowground biomass among grassland types and along environmental gradients in Xinjiang,Northwest China

The association between biodiversity and belowground biomass (BGB) remains a central debate in ecology. In this study, we compared the variations in species richness (SR) and BGB as well as their interaction in the top (0-20 cm), middle (20-50 cm) and deep (50-100 cm) soil depths among 8 grassland types (lowland meadow, temperate desert, temperate desert steppe, temperate steppe desert, temperate steppe, temperate meadow steppe, mountain meadow and alpine steppe) and along environmental gradients (elevation, energy condition (annual mean temperature (AMT) and potential evapotranspiration (PET)), and mean annual precipitation (MAP)) based on a 2011-2013 survey of 379 sites in Xinjiang, Northwest China. The SR and BGB varied among the grassland types. The alpine steppe had a medium level of SR but the highest BGB in the top soil depth, whereas the lowland meadow had the lowest SR but the highest BGB in the middle and deep soil depths. The SR and BGB in the different soil depths were tightly associated with elevation, MAP and energy condition; however, the particular forms of trends in SR and BGB depended on environmental factors and soil depths. The relationship between SR and BGB was unimodal in the top soil depth, but SR was positively related with BGB in the middle soil depth. Although elevation, MAP, energy condition and SR had significant effects on BGB, the variations in BGB in the top soil depth were mostly determined by elevation, and those in the middle and deep soil depths were mainly affected by energy condition. These findings highlight the importance of environmental factors in the regulations of SR and BGB as well as their interaction in the grasslands in Xinjiang.